demographic transition
Today in class we learned about demographic transition. We had to read a packet of papers and highlight important details.
Demographic transition is a process of change in a society's population from high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and higher total population. It is broken up into four stages.
The first stage is low growth. This stage has a very high crude birth rate and crude death rate and a very low rate of natural increase. For most of history, countries were in the first stage but today, no country remains in stage one.
Stage two is high growth. This stage has very high crude birth rate and rate of natural increase and a rapidly declining crude death rate. Europe and North America entered stage two after 1750 as a result of the Industrial Revolution, which involved major improvements in manufacturing goods and delivering them to market. Stage two of the demographic transition did not diffuse to Africa, Asia and Latin America until around 1950 and made that transition for different reason than in Europe and North America. In the late 20th century, developing countries entered stage two because of the medical revolution. The medical revolution occurred because medical technology invented in Europe and North America had diffused to developing countries.
Stage three is moderate growth. This stage has a rapidly declining crude birth rate, a moderately declining crude death rate and a moderate rate of natural increase. A society enters stage three when they have fewer children. The decision to have fewer children is partly a delayed reaction to a decline in mortality and is also due to economic changes in the society. People in stage three are more likely to live in cities and to work in offices, shops or factories.
Stage four is low growth. This is stage has very low crude birth rates, low or slightly increasing crude death rates and zero or negative rate of natural increase. A country reaches stage four when the crude birth rate declines to the point where it equals the crude death rate and the rate of natural increase reaches zero. This condition is called zero population growth. A total fertility rate of 2.1 produces a zero population growth.
A country that has reached stage four of the demographic transition has in some ways completed the cycle. The four stage demographic transition is characterized by two big breaks with the past. The first one is the sudden drop in the death rate that comes from technological innovations. This has been accomplished everywhere. The second break is the sudden drop in birth rate that comes from changing social customs. Some countries have yet to achieve this.
Demographic transition is a process of change in a society's population from high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and higher total population. It is broken up into four stages.
The first stage is low growth. This stage has a very high crude birth rate and crude death rate and a very low rate of natural increase. For most of history, countries were in the first stage but today, no country remains in stage one.
Stage two is high growth. This stage has very high crude birth rate and rate of natural increase and a rapidly declining crude death rate. Europe and North America entered stage two after 1750 as a result of the Industrial Revolution, which involved major improvements in manufacturing goods and delivering them to market. Stage two of the demographic transition did not diffuse to Africa, Asia and Latin America until around 1950 and made that transition for different reason than in Europe and North America. In the late 20th century, developing countries entered stage two because of the medical revolution. The medical revolution occurred because medical technology invented in Europe and North America had diffused to developing countries.
Stage three is moderate growth. This stage has a rapidly declining crude birth rate, a moderately declining crude death rate and a moderate rate of natural increase. A society enters stage three when they have fewer children. The decision to have fewer children is partly a delayed reaction to a decline in mortality and is also due to economic changes in the society. People in stage three are more likely to live in cities and to work in offices, shops or factories.
Stage four is low growth. This is stage has very low crude birth rates, low or slightly increasing crude death rates and zero or negative rate of natural increase. A country reaches stage four when the crude birth rate declines to the point where it equals the crude death rate and the rate of natural increase reaches zero. This condition is called zero population growth. A total fertility rate of 2.1 produces a zero population growth.
A country that has reached stage four of the demographic transition has in some ways completed the cycle. The four stage demographic transition is characterized by two big breaks with the past. The first one is the sudden drop in the death rate that comes from technological innovations. This has been accomplished everywhere. The second break is the sudden drop in birth rate that comes from changing social customs. Some countries have yet to achieve this.
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